Russian Ballet Music from the Last Quarter of the 19th Century to the Beginning of the 20th Century: from Tchaikovsky to Stravinsky
Main Article Content
Abstract
The article examines the changes of the rhythmical organization of ballet music from the last quarter of the 19th century. The features of dance music prior to Piotr Tchaikovsky are traced out, and the fundamental meaning of the metric principle is established in it. The ballet dansante music develops a functional metro-rhythmic system, in which meter plays an organizing role. Two types of interconnection of meter and rhythm emerge: with the subservience of rhythm to meter – the basic (metrical) function, as well as one involving a change of meter by means of rhythmic structures – the changing (unstable) metric function. The action of the changing metric functions may be traced in the ballets of Tchaikovsky and Glazunov in one of the regulated forms – the classical dance suite. In the expositional, middle and conclusive sections the lower layers of musical texture are subject to alteration, whereas in the transitional sections, designated in choreography for the motion of the dancer from one point to another, the changing metric functions manifest themselves in all the layers of the musical texture. In Tchaikovsky’s and Glazunov’s ballet music a number of effects of accumulation of metric instability are formed: from the usage of various rhythmic groups, rhythmic acceleration or retardation to change of meter (as well as hemiolas and polymetry). Thereby, succession is established between the dance music of Tchaikovsky and Glazunov and the innovations in Stravinsky’s ballet music.
Keywords: ballet music, rhythm, divertimento, metrical functions, the classical dance cycle.
Article Details
Copyright
The rights on the results of intellectual activity and equated means of individualization are protected in accordance with Part IV of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The authorship, author's name, executor’s name, inviolability of the work and result of execution are protected by the rules of Part IV of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of the author or executor, regardless of providing legal protection of such results of intellectual activity at the time of their forming.
Copyright laws regulate the civil legal relations for using works of science, literature and art. Such relationships are formed as the result of the author’s writing his or her texts. In this case the author can rightfully claim copyright of the work.
The author has certain rights to reuse the work (see: “Ethical Aspects in Terms of Multifold Publications).
Licenses
All copyrights on the articles belong to their authors. The author transfers the rights on using the article the publisher.
PDF versions of scholarly articles of the journal PMN are published by using the license Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives cc by-nc-nd, allowing loading and distributing works on the assumption of indicating the authorship. The works may not be changed in any way or used for commercial interests.
Criteria for Authorship, Co-authorship
The term “author” refers to all persons (co-authors) who have made a substantial contribution to conducting the research and creation of the manuscript and responsible for its content. The person (author) who has submitted the manuscript to the editorial board shall bear responsibility for the complete list of the group of authors and the changes made to the manuscript in accordance with the results of the peer reviewing and editing.
1. Authorship is based on the following criteria:
1) The author made a substantial contribution to the research activity and development of concept, collected the data, made analysis and interpretation of the data.
2) The author carried out the writing of the text of draft articles and edited it attentively and substantially.
3) The author approved the final version of the article prior to its submission.
4) The author bears responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript.
2. The authors shall guarantee that the submitted manuscript is the original work.
3. Scholarly reviews for some issue or other should be objective, present material in a wide range and at the same time take into account the views of the author of the review.
4. The authorship of scholarly publications is obligated to reflect accurately the contribution of individuals to the research activity, with specific information about the authors.
5. The authors may not mislead the readers by publishing acknowledgements of gratitude to people who were not actually involved in writing the work. Other persons who made contribution to the work, but are nevertheless not the authors, may be listed in the rubric of “Acknowledgements,” with indications of the type and extent of their activities.
6. Authors are obligated to provide a description of their contribution to the publication.
7. The order of authorship must be a joint resolution of co-authors. The authors should be ready to explain the order of their enumeration and listing.
8. The authors shall be entirely responsible for the correct definition of authorship acting in accordance with the rules adopted in their institution.
9. Investigators must ensure that only those persons who meet the criteria for authorship (that made a significant contribution to the work), shall be considered the authors, and the researchers who do not merit authorship will be excluded from the list of authors.
References
2. Bakhrushin Yu. A. Istoriya russkogo baleta: uchebnoe posobie dlya in-tov kul’tury, teatr., khoreogr. i kul’t.- prosvet. uchilishch [The History of the Russian Ballet: a Textbook for Institutions of Culture, Theater, Choreography and Cultural-Educational Colleges]. Moscow: Prosveshchenie, 1973. 255 p.
3. Bogatyreva E. Z. Zametki o muzykal’nom stile A. K. Glazunova [Notes about the Musical Style of Alexander Glazunov]. Voprosy muzykoznaniya: ezhegodnik [Questions of Musicology: Yearbook]. Ed. by A. S. Ogolevets. Issue 1. Moscow, 1954, pp. 285–301.
4. Vanslov V. V. Dansantnost’ [Dance]. Russkiy balet: entsiklopediya [Russian Ballet: an Encyclopedia]. Edited by E. P. Belova et al. Preface by V. M. Krasovskaya. Moscow, 1997, p. 536.
5. Vershinina I. Ya. Baletnaya muzyka [Ballet Music]. Muzyka XX veka: ocherki: v 2 ch. [Music of the 20th Century. Essays. In Two Parts]. Edited by D. V. Zhitomirsky. Part 1, book 1. Moscow, 1976, pp. 187–221.
6. Gagarina O. A. Frantsuzskiy baletnyy teatr nachala XX veka: na puti k novomu sintezu [The French Ballet Theater of the Early 20th Century: On the Path Towards a New Synthesis]. Problemy muzykal’noj nauki [Music Scholarship]. 2014. No. 1, pp. 39–45.
7. Dulova E. N. Balety P. I. Tchaykovskogo i zhanrovaya stilistika baletnoy muzyki XIX veka: Lektsiya po kursu «Istoriya russkoy muzyki» [The Ballets of P. I. Tchaikovsky and the Genre-Related Style of Ballet Music of the 19th Century: a Lecture for the Course of “History of Russian Music”]. Leningrad: Leningrad State N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov Conservatory, 1989. 60 p.
8. Savchenkova N. M., Mavrinskiy I. I. Ritm i ritmicheskaya struktura: cheredovanie diskursa i sobytiya [Rhythm and Rhythmic Structure: an Alternation of Discourse and Events]. Teoriya i praktika obshchestvennogo razvitiya [Theory and Practice of Social Development]. Krasnodar, 2015. No. 22, pp. 209–211.
9. Braginskaya N. A. “Les traditions et les preceptes de Petipa ne sont point oublies…” Ll’oeuvre de Marius Petipa dans la reception d’Igor Stravinsky [“The Traditions and Precepts of Petipa are not Forgotten ...» The Work of Marius Petipa in the Reception of Igor Stravinsky]. Slavica occitania. 2016. No. 43, pp. 313–325.
10. Bortnyk K. V. New interpretation of Tchaikovsky’s “The Nutcracker” by R. Poklitaru. Kul’tura Ukrainy [Culture of Ukraine]. 2015. No. 50, pp. 169–176.
11. Portnova T. V. Сhoreography sketches as a representational system of dance recording: from M. Petipa to M. Fokine. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 2016. Vol. 9 (29), p. 88740.
12. Jarvinen H. Dancing Genius: the Stardom of Vaslav Nijinsky. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. 325 p.