“Let your Lifetime Last Forever and Ever…” From the History of the Creation of the National Anthem of Japan
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
of the Japanese National Anthem “Kimigayo.” It provides the
historical context of the period of its creation, namely, the irst
years of the Meiji period (1868–1912). This time is characterized
by the beginning of the development of the modernized Japanese
state. The author illuminates the role of Western military band
conductors in the writing of the national anthem (such as John
Fenton and Franz Eckert), analyzes the melody of the anthem,
and also brings in a few theories and viewpoints of contemporary
ethnomusicologists on the origins of the melody. It is emphasized
that scholarly arguments concerning the question of the emergence
of the national anthems have not subsided during the course of the
entire history of its creation. The article touches upon questions
of the possible participation of Russian musicians in creation of
the Japanese national anthem. The article includes citations of
historical documents and music examples.
Keywords: Japanese National Anthem, “Kimigayo”, John
Fenton, Franz Eckert, gagaku, Oku Yosiisa, Alexander Tcherepnin
Article Details
Copyright
The rights on the results of intellectual activity and equated means of individualization are protected in accordance with Part IV of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The authorship, author's name, executor’s name, inviolability of the work and result of execution are protected by the rules of Part IV of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of the author or executor, regardless of providing legal protection of such results of intellectual activity at the time of their forming.
Copyright laws regulate the civil legal relations for using works of science, literature and art. Such relationships are formed as the result of the author’s writing his or her texts. In this case the author can rightfully claim copyright of the work.
The author has certain rights to reuse the work (see: “Ethical Aspects in Terms of Multifold Publications).
Licenses
All copyrights on the articles belong to their authors. The author transfers the rights on using the article the publisher.
PDF versions of scholarly articles of the journal PMN are published by using the license Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives cc by-nc-nd, allowing loading and distributing works on the assumption of indicating the authorship. The works may not be changed in any way or used for commercial interests.
Criteria for Authorship, Co-authorship
The term “author” refers to all persons (co-authors) who have made a substantial contribution to conducting the research and creation of the manuscript and responsible for its content. The person (author) who has submitted the manuscript to the editorial board shall bear responsibility for the complete list of the group of authors and the changes made to the manuscript in accordance with the results of the peer reviewing and editing.
1. Authorship is based on the following criteria:
1) The author made a substantial contribution to the research activity and development of concept, collected the data, made analysis and interpretation of the data.
2) The author carried out the writing of the text of draft articles and edited it attentively and substantially.
3) The author approved the final version of the article prior to its submission.
4) The author bears responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript.
2. The authors shall guarantee that the submitted manuscript is the original work.
3. Scholarly reviews for some issue or other should be objective, present material in a wide range and at the same time take into account the views of the author of the review.
4. The authorship of scholarly publications is obligated to reflect accurately the contribution of individuals to the research activity, with specific information about the authors.
5. The authors may not mislead the readers by publishing acknowledgements of gratitude to people who were not actually involved in writing the work. Other persons who made contribution to the work, but are nevertheless not the authors, may be listed in the rubric of “Acknowledgements,” with indications of the type and extent of their activities.
6. Authors are obligated to provide a description of their contribution to the publication.
7. The order of authorship must be a joint resolution of co-authors. The authors should be ready to explain the order of their enumeration and listing.
8. The authors shall be entirely responsible for the correct definition of authorship acting in accordance with the rules adopted in their institution.
9. Investigators must ensure that only those persons who meet the criteria for authorship (that made a significant contribution to the work), shall be considered the authors, and the researchers who do not merit authorship will be excluded from the list of authors.
References
2. Istoriya yaponskoy kul’tury [The History of Japanese Culture]. Мoscow: Natalis, 2011. 368 p.
3. Kokinvakasyu. Sobranie starykh i novykh pesen Yaponii [Kokinwakashu. A Collection of Old and New Sings of Japan]. Translated by Alexander Dolin. St. Petersburg: Giperion, 2001, 432 p.
4. Krestovskiy V. V. V dal’nikh vodakh i stranakh [In Far- Away Waters and Lands]. Мoscow: Vek, 1997. Vol. 2. 416 p.
5. Meshcheryakov A. N. Imperator Meydzi i ego Yaponiya [Emperor Meiji and His Japan]. Мoscow: Natalis: Ripol Classic, 2006. 736 p.
6. Osmanov E. M. Istoriya stanovleniya yaponskoy imperatorskoy armii i flota (1868–1894): dis. ... kand. ist. nauk [The History of Formation of the Japanese Imperial Army and Navy (1868–1894): Thesis of Dissertation for the Degree of Candidate of Historical Sciences]. St. Petersburg, 2005. 306 p.
7. Yaponskiy natsional’nyy gimn [The Japanese National Anthem]. Arrangement by A. Ch. Мoscow: S.Ya.Yambor Press, 1911. 5 p.
8. Cripps Denise. Flag and Fanfares: The Hinomaru Flag and Kimigayo Anthem. Case Studies on Human Rights in Japan. Roger Goodman. Ian Neary ed. By. London: Routledge, 1996, pp. 76–108.
9. Eppstein Ury. The Beginnings of Western Music in Meiji Era Japan. Studies in the History and Interpretation of Music. Edwin Mellen Press, 1994. 159 p.
10. Harich-Schneider Eta. A History of Japanese Music. London, 1973. 742 p.
11. Hara Kunio. Puccini’s use of Japanese melodies in Madama Butterfly. B. M.: University of Cincinnati, 2000. 115 p.
12. Kawabata Tai. Identity of ‘Kimigayo’ composer remains mystery. The Japan Times online. Thursday, Aug. 5, 1999. P. 5.
13. Kaigun gungakutai. Nihon yogakushi no genten. Tokyo: Kokusho kankokai, 1984. 298 p. (In Japanese) [The Navy Orchestra. The Beginnings of Western Music in Japan. Tokyo: State Literature Publishing House, 1984. 298 p.]
14. Kikkawa Eishi. Nihon ongaku no rekishi. Osaka: Sogensha, 2004. 512 p. (In Japanese) [Kikkawa Eishi. The History of Japanese Music. Osaka: Fiction Literature Publishing House, 2004. 512 p.]
15. Kimi ga yo no subete. CD booklet. Tokyo: King Records, 2000. 55 p. (In Japanese) [All about “Kimigayo”. CD booklet, Tokyo: King Records, 2000. 55 p.]
16. Fujita Tomoji. Kimigayo no honka wa banka datta. Tokyo: Akashi Shoten, 2005. 203 p. (In Japanese) [Origins of the National Anthem“Kimigayo”. Tokyo: “Akashi Bookstore” Publishing House, 2005. 203 p.]
17. Yasuda Hiroshi. Oku Yoshiisa no sekai. Kindai shoka shusei: kaisetsu shu. Tokyo, Victor Entertainment, 2000, pp. 110– 116 (In Japanese) [Yasuda Hiroshi. The World of Oku Yoshiisa. Anthology of Modern Songs: a Compilation of Commentaries. Tokyo, Victor Entertainment, 2000, pp. 110–116].